Le marché des stupéfiants dans une société mondialisée

I trattati di cooperazione internazionale esistono da decenni, così come il traffico internazionale di droga. Tuttavia, essi non sono ancora riusciti a lottare efficacemente contro tale tipo di traffico. Questo articolo ripercorre la storia del traffico internazionale e rinvia particolarmente a certi esempi noti come quelli della Colombia e dell’Afganistan. Les traités de coopération internationale existent depuis des décennies, tout comme le trafic international de drogues. Toutefois, ils n’ont pas encore réussi à lutter efficacement contre le trafic international de drogues. Ce texte révise l’histoire du trafic international et renvoie plus particulièrement à certains exemples connus comme ceux de la Colombie et de l’Afghanistan. International co-operation treaties exist for decades, as well as the international drug traffic. However, they did not yet succeed in efficiently fighting international drug trafficking. This paper reviews the history of international traffic and illustrate the discussion with known examples like those of Colombia and Afghanistan

Introducing the 'First European Symposium on the Evolution of Crocodylomorpha'

The First European Symposium on the Evolution of Crocodylomorpha took place during the XVI Annual Meeting of the European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists (EAVP) organized by NOVA University of Lisbon (UNL) in Caparica, Portugal. Fourteen lectures and five posters were presented at the symposium in June 26th-July 1st, 2018. This special issue showcases twelve papers based on symposium contributions.publishersversionpublishe

Direct and Enantioselective Organocatalytic α-Chlorination of Aldehydes

The first direct enantioselective catalytic α-chlorination of aldehydes has been accomplished. The use of enamine catalysis has provided a new organocatalytic strategy for the enantioselective chlorination of aldehydes to generate α-chloro aldehydes, an important chiral synthon for chemical and medicinal agent synthesis. The use of imidazolidinone 3 as the asymmetric catalyst has been found to mediate the halogenation of a large variety of aldehyde substrates with the perchlorinated quinone 1 serving as the electrophilic chlorinating reagent. A diverse spectrum of aldehyde substrates can also be accommodated in this new organocatalytic transformation. The capacity of catalyst 3 to override the inherent bias of resident stereogenicity in the chlorination of enantiopure β-chiral aldehydes is also described. Catalyst quantities of 5 mol % were generally employed in this study

The Direct and Enantioselective Organocatalytic α-Oxidation of Aldehydes

The first direct enantioselective catalytic α-oxidation of carbonyls has been accomplished. The use of enamine catalysis has provided a new organocatalytic strategy for the enantioselective oxyamination of aldehydes, to generate α-oxyaldehydes, important chiral synthons for natural product and medicinal agent synthesis. The use of l-proline as the asymmetric catalyst has been found to mediate the oxidation of a large variety of aldehyde substrates with nitrosobenzene serving as the electrophilic oxidant. A diverse spectrum of aldehyde substrates can also be accommodated in this new organocatalytic transformation. While catalyst quantities of 2 mol % were generally employed in this study, successful oxidations conducted using catalyst loadings as low as 0.5 mol % are described

New tomistomine crocodylian from the middle Eocene (Bartonian) of Wadi Hitan, Fayum Province, Egypt

251-268http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/48660/2/ID527.pd

Report of the GDR working group on the R-parity violation

This report summarizes the work of the "R-parity violation group" of the French Research Network (GDR) in Supersymmetry, concerning the physics of supersymmetric models without conservation of R-parity at HERA, LEP, Tevatron and LHC and limits on R-parity violating couplings from various processes. The report includes a discussion of the recent searches at the HERA experiment, prospects for new experiments, a review of the existing limits, and also theoretically motivated alternatives to R-parity and a brief discussion on the implications of R-parity violation on the neutrino masses.Comment: 60 pages, LaTeX, 22 figures, 2 table

Multiaxial Kitagawa analysis of A356-T6

Experimental Kitagawa analysis has been performed on A356-T6 containing natural and artificial defects. Results are obtained with a load ratio of R = -1 for three different loadings: tension, torsion and combined tension-torsion. The critical defect size determined is 400 \pm 100 \mum in A356-T6 under multiaxial loading. Below this value, the microstructure governs the endurance limit mainly through Secondary Dendrite Arm Spacing (SDAS). Four theoretical approaches are used to simulate the endurance limit characterized by a Kitagawa relationship are compared: Murakami relationships [Y Murakami, Metal Fatigue: Effects of Small Defects and Nonmetallic Inclusions, Elsevier, 2002.], defect-crack equivalency via Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM), the Critical Distance Method (CDM) proposed by Susmel and Taylor [L. Susmel, D. Taylor. Eng. Fract. Mech. 75 (2008) 15.] and the gradient approach proposed by Nadot [Y. Nadot, T. ~Billaudeau. Eng. Fract. Mech. 73 (2006) 1.]. It is shown that the CDM and gradient methods are accurate; however fatigue data for three loading conditions is necessary to allow accurate identification of an endurance limit.Comment: 27 pages, 11 figure

Curricular orientations to real-world contexts in mathematics

A common claim about mathematics education is that it should equip students to use mathematics in the ‘real world’. In this paper, we examine how relationships between mathematics education and the real world are materialised in the curriculum across a sample of eleven jurisdictions. In particular, we address the orientation of the curriculum towards application of mathematics, the ways that real-world contexts are positioned within the curriculum content, the ways in which different groups of students are expected to engage with real-world contexts, and the extent to which high-stakes assessments include real-world problem solving. The analysis reveals variation across jurisdictions and some lack of coherence between official orientations towards use of mathematics in the real world and the ways that this is materialised in the organisation of the content for students

ATLAS Data Transfer Functional Test (October 2006)

Data transfer function test was conducted in October 2006. DDM software components were used to transmit, control and monitor data movement. The main purpose of the test was to check system functionality during data transfer from CERN ATLAS centers. The issue of large files transfer is also have been tested